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Six Rochester researchers have received prestigious NSF awards for early-career faculty members.

With in hand, six researchers will:

• Model how the brain extracts patterns from sensory data
• Improve the ability of robots to respond to spoken commands
• Explain how our brain stems help us listen and converse in noisy settings
• Make it easier to operate large scale volunteer computing systems
• Adapt novel imaging to pinpoint 鈥渉ot spots鈥� on nanoscale devices
• Model how the brain鈥檚 entire waste removal system operates

The researchers are , assistant professor of brain and cognitive sciences; , associate professor of electrical and computer engineering; , associate professor of biomedical engineering and neuroscience; , assistant professor of computer science; and and , assistant professors of mechanical engineering. The awards, NSF鈥檚 most esteemed recognition for early-career faculty members, provide recipients with five years of funding to help lay the foundation for their future research.

Finding patterns in large amounts of sensory data

Finding patterns in complex data is at the heart of forecasting in business and economics, analyzing data from large-scale experiments, and powering artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. The brain faces the same challenges in extracting patterns from the large amounts of data it receives from the senses.

鈥淧erforming these computations exactly requires astronomical computational power and is impossible for both biological and AI systems,鈥� Haefner says. 鈥淎s a result, both try to approximate exact solutions. However, approximations are sometimes wrong, and can be biased in specific ways.鈥�

Haefner will construct mathematical models to investigate how the brain extracts patterns in the data it receives from photoreceptors in the eyes. His research will focus on two main aspects underlying this process: how the brain decides whether to combine two pieces of information, such as from two photoreceptors in the eyes or from two different senses; and the consequences of doing this over time and approximately, instead of instantaneously and exactly.

In addition to better understanding aspects of the brain, Haefner鈥檚 research will help in designing more efficient artificial intelligence systems.

Teaching robots a sense of past and future

Howard will develop algorithms that enable robots to respond to language that refers to the past, present, and future of their surroundings. Currently, for example, it is difficult for robots to understand instructions such as 鈥淗and me the wrench I was using five minutes ago鈥� or 鈥淧ick up the cup that is about to roll off the table,鈥� and respond in a timely fashion. That鈥檚 because the robot would need to think carefully about all the past and future states of its surroundings.

Howard鈥檚 research at Rochester has advanced the ability of robots to infer 鈥渕inimal but sufficient鈥� representations of their surroundings so that only the objects needed to understand statements are interpreted from sensor data. The project will 鈥渕ore tightly couple algorithms that interpret language and sensor data鈥� so humans can seamlessly use references to time and location when communicating back and forth with robots.

Hearing one voice among many

After sound waves are converted into electrical signals in the ear, the signals are conveyed along an auditory brainstem to the brain鈥檚 cortex, where auditory perception occurs. But scientists are still trying to understand exactly how this 鈥渂eautiful, but complicated network of connections鈥� helps us focus our listening, says Maddox.

For example, do the downward connections that extend from the cortex back along the auditory brainstem help us concentrate on one voice among many?

To help answer questions like these, Maddox will use new methods to measure auditory brainstem responses in human subjects engaged in goal-oriented, lifelike tasks involving natural speech鈥攏ot the rapid bursts of clicks and other stimuli used in traditional testing.

The results could help explain why even people with normal hearing sometimes struggle to understand conversations amid background noise.

Maximizing disparate GPUs in volunteer computing systems

People all over the world donate time on their computers to large-scale volunteer computing systems such as and . They do so to help solve important scientific problems with volunteer systems that rival the largest supercomputers in the world.

However, these volunteer systems consist of hundreds of different kinds of graphics processing units (GPUs) to speed up scientific calculations. This heterogeneity hinders maximum performance.

Pai will develop new automatic performance tuning algorithms to maximize the GPU performance in these systems.

鈥淏y developing autotuning algorithms that can deal with the heterogeneity, providing feedback to programmers about unrealized performance, and working at scale in real volunteer computing systems, this project will enable these systems to maximize GPU performance and accelerate scientific discovery in fields such as medicine, biology, and astronomy,鈥� Pai says.

Pinpointing 鈥榟ot spots鈥� that overheat electronic devices

The electronic devices that surround us in everyday life鈥攐ur computer hard drives and smartphones, for example鈥攐perate at increasingly high levels of power that flow through smaller and smaller components. The devices can easily overheat, decreasing their performance, reliability, and longevity.

Pinpointing the 鈥渉ot spots鈥� that cause the overheating has proved elusive in this landscape where key features are measured in mere nanometers.

Pickel is adapting, for the first time, a Nobel Prize鈥搘inning optical 鈥渟uper-resolution鈥� imaging technique to generate accurate, high spatial resolution temperature maps from photons emitted by luminescent nanoparticle coatings placed on the surfaces of nanoscale devices.

The technology could provide an invaluable tool to determine and address the primary causes of thermal failure in nanoscale devices.

Modeling the brain-cleansing interaction of blood flow and cerebrospinal fluids

Shang will create a computer model to better understand the mechanisms of fluid flow that 鈥渄rive鈥� the brain鈥檚 glymphatic waste disposal system.

First discovered by Maiken Nedergaard, codirector of the University鈥檚 , the glymphatic system uses the brain鈥檚 cerebrospinal fluid to carry off metabolic wastes that have been linked to Alzheimer鈥檚 and other neurodegenerative diseases. Recent research suggests that the flow of cerebrospinal fluid is linked to pulsing of blood through adjoining arteries.

However, experimental observations have been limited to the brain鈥檚 outer surface.

Shang is hoping that a computational model that can simulate the interaction of blood and cerebrospinal fluid flows throughout the brain 鈥渨ill advance our capabilities to correlate age-related ailments with neurodegeneration, predict patient outcomes, and drive treatment and prevention strategies.鈥�

Broadening the impact

The National Science Foundation requires CAREER award recipients to demonstrate how their research can have a broader educational impact. Several of this year鈥檚 recipients plan to introduce STEM concepts related to their research to women and underrepresented minority students in the Rochester City School District.

Howard, Pai, and Shang, for example, will work with Rochester City School District high school students participating in the Upward Bound program hosted by the University鈥檚 Kearns Center for Leadership and Diversity. Pickel鈥檚 lab will build educational kits for students at a new, all-girls STEM elementary charter school in the district. Maddox will develop a short course for students at Rochester鈥檚 East High School and from City College of New York through the and programs at the University鈥檚 Medical Center.

Howard will also revamp the popular University robotics courses he teaches to integrate aspects of his CAREER research. The award provides $14,000 to purchase components for students to develop, build, and program 20 robot prototypes capable of navigation, mapping, estimation, and language interaction.

Pai also hopes to explore ways to help Rochester鈥檚 famed preserve its collection of original electronic games鈥攊ncluding Pong, Space Invaders, Grand Theft Auto, Mario Brothers, Pac-Man, and other classics in its .

Pickel will create an open-source hardware repository that provides access to the designs and building instructions for her lab鈥檚 new thermal imaging technique, so other researchers can use it in their labs.

Haefner will develop a curriculum for an interdisciplinary, college-level course for students in brain and cognitive sciences and computer science working on projects at the intersection of computational neuroscience and artificial intelligence.

Boot camp helps produce聽bumper crop of CAREER awards

Cynthia Gary, assistant dean of grants and contracts for the Hajim School, played a key supporting role in helping Hajim faculty members receive a record five National Science Foundation CAREER awards this year.

Since 2016, Gary has hosted a summer NSF CAREER award 鈥渂oot camp鈥� to provide junior engineering and computer science faculty members with background about the award and tips for submitting strong proposals. (The boot camp is now open to School of Arts & Sciences faculty as well.) All of this year鈥檚 recipients attended one or more boot camps; in the last six years, Hajim School faculty members have received a total of 17 CAREER awards.

鈥淧art of the success of the bootcamp is that younger faculty members can listen to previous CAREER recipients and learn from their experiences,鈥� Gary says. She even keeps a repository of successful proposals.

鈥淓veryone鈥檚 experience is different, so it鈥檚 helpful to hear about a variety of perspectives and approaches that were all ultimately successful,鈥� says Pickel. 鈥淚鈥檓 really grateful to other faculty who were generous in sharing their proposals, and I鈥檓 now happy to share mine and pay it forward.鈥�

Pai says the boot camp made him aware of the NSF鈥檚 strong emphasis on proposals that show broader impact through 鈥渋ntegration with the institution and city.鈥� The boot camp helped him connect with the Kearns Center to put on workshops for Upward Bound students. This summer, he used Turtle bots to help explain the basics of coding using Logo, a computer language.

Shang says she attended the bootcamp several years in a row. 鈥淟istening to the invited speakers each week helped me envision what I wanted in my CAREER, and it sparked ideas that percolated and matured in the final proposal鈥� that garnered her the award this year.

鈥淐indy does a phenomenal job of organizing the series and guiding the discussion,鈥� Shang says.

When prospective faculty members visit the campus for interviews, 鈥淭hey are thrilled to hear that we offer this,鈥� Hajim School dean Wendi Heinzelman says.

Heinzelman presented Gary with the school鈥檚 Edmund A. Hajim Outstanding Staff Award in 2017 for her excellence in encouraging, supporting, and managing grant proposals鈥攚hether on behalf of single investigators or large, multi-institutional collaborations.

Editor’s note: This story was updated on September 6 reflect an additional CAREER award recipient: Ralf Haefner, an assistant professor in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences.聽

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