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With new insights on the problem of noise in quantum computing, Rochester researchers make major strides in improving the transfer of information in quantum systems.

Note: This story was originally published on May 4, 2021, but has been updated with the recent findings on noise in quantum computing.

Quantum science has the potential to revolutionize modern technology with more efficient computers, communication, and sensing devices. But challenges remain in achieving these technological goals, especially when it comes to effectively transferring information in quantum systems.

A regular computer consists of billions of transistors, called bits. Quantum computers, on the other hand, are based on quantum bits, also known as qubits, which can be made from a single electron.

Unlike ordinary transistors, which can be either 鈥�0鈥� (off) or 鈥�1鈥� (on), qubits are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics and can be both 鈥�0鈥� and 鈥�1鈥� at the same time. The ability of individual qubits to be in multiple states at the same time is known as superposition and underlies the great potential of quantum computers. Just like ordinary computers, however, quantum computers need a way to transfer quantum information between distant qubits鈥攁nd that presents a major experimental challenge.

In a series of papers published in Nature Communications, researchers at the University of Rochester, including , an associate professor of physics and astronomy, report major strides in enhancing quantum computing by improving the transfer of information between electrons in quantum systems.

An era defined by quantum noise

A major hurdle in the quantum computer revolution is the unintended interactions between qubits and the environment, which are referred to as noise. A qubit鈥檚 ability to maintain a superposition state can fall apart due to noise.

The problem of noise in quantum computing is so pervasive that researchers often refer to the current era of quantum technology as the 鈥淣oisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum Era.鈥�

鈥淏ecause qubits are incredibly fragile, noise makes virtually all types of modern-day qubits prone to errors,鈥� says Elliot Connors, a graduate student in Nichol鈥檚 lab, and the first author of a that offers new insights into the nature of noise. 鈥淯nderstanding noise in quantum processors is therefore an active and crucial area of research.鈥�

In order to better understand the fundamental behaviors of noise, the researchers trapped electrons in small regions on a silicon chip roughly 50 nanometers in diameter (for comparison, a sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick). They trapped and manipulated the electrons by applying voltages to tiny electrodes on the surface of a semiconductor.

The researchers were able to measure the power spectrum of noise of the silicon-based, electron spin-qubit device across an unprecedented 12 frequency bands. Noise has never before been measured over these types of frequencies in spin-qubit systems.

While, in general, noise is different in every qubit system鈥攚hich means the exact values the researchers measured do not necessarily translate to other silicon spin-qubit devices鈥擟onnors says it is the behavior of the noise that was important to the researchers.

鈥淎ll silicon spin-qubit devices are very similar, so the behavior of the noise is generally the same across devices,鈥� he says. 鈥淗ere, behavior means how the noise signals tend to look in time. For example, the noisy signal can vary quickly, or slowly, or both. Knowledge of these noise dynamics can reveal information about noise鈥檚 origin.鈥�

The researchers鈥� investigation provides a detailed picture of the noise environment with which silicon qubits must contend and sheds light on the microscopic origin of noise. 糖心logoers will be able to use this information in the quest to eliminate noise, allowing qubits鈥攁nd, therefore, quantum computers鈥攖o work more efficiently.

鈥淥ur results paint the most complete picture of noise in silicon spin qubits to date and will be essential for eventually pushing past the boundaries currently imposed by noise in these devices,鈥� Nichol says.

Utilizing a new route

In , Nichol and graduate students Yadav Kandel and Haifeng Qiao, the lead authors of the paper, demonstrated a route of transferring information between qubits, called adiabatic quantum state transfer (AQT), for the first time with electron-spin qubits. Unlike most methods of transferring information between qubits, which rely on carefully tuned electric or magnetic-field pulses, AQT isn鈥檛 as affected by pulse errors and noise.

To envision how AQT works, imagine you are driving your car and want to park it. If you don鈥檛 hit your brakes at the proper time, the car won鈥檛 be where you want it, with potential negative consequences. In this sense, the control pulses鈥攖he gas and brake pedals鈥攖o the car must be tuned carefully. AQT is different in that it doesn鈥檛 really matter how long you press the pedals or how hard you press them: the car will always end up in the right spot. As a result, AQT has the potential to improve the transfer of information between qubits, which is essential for quantum networking and error correction.

The researchers demonstrated AQT鈥檚 effectiveness by exploiting entanglement鈥攐ne of the basic concepts of quantum physics in which the properties of one particle affect the properties of another, even when the particles are separated by a large distance. The researchers were able to use AQT to transfer one electron鈥檚 quantum spin state across a chain of four electrons in semiconductor quantum dots鈥攖iny, nanoscale semiconductors with remarkable properties. This is the longest chain over which a spin state has ever been transferred, tying the record set by the researchers in a .

鈥淏ecause AQT is robust against pulse errors and noise, and because of its major potential applications in quantum computing, this demonstration is a key milestone for quantum computing with spin qubits,鈥� Nichol says.

Exploiting a strange state of matter

In , Nichol, Kandel, and Qiao demonstrated another technique of transferring information between qubits, using an exotic state of matter called time crystals. A time crystal is a strange state of matter in which interactions between the particles that make up the crystal can stabilize oscillations of the system in time indefinitely. Imagine a clock that keeps ticking forever; the pendulum of the clock oscillates in time, much like the oscillating time crystal.

By implementing a series of electric-field pulses on electrons, the researchers were able to create a state similar to a time crystal. They found that they could then exploit this state to improve the transfer of an electron鈥檚 spin state in a chain of semiconductor quantum dots.

鈥淥ur work takes the first steps toward showing how strange and exotic states of matter, like time crystals, can potentially by used for quantum information processing applications, such as transferring information between qubits,鈥� Nichol says. 鈥淲e also theoretically show how this scenario can implement other single- and multi-qubit operations that could be used to improve the performance of quantum computers.鈥�

Both AQT and time crystals, while different, could be used simultaneously with quantum computing systems to improve performance.

鈥淭hese results illustrate the strange and interesting ways that quantum physics allows for information to be sent from one place to another, which is one of the main challenges in constructing viable quantum computers and networks,鈥� Nichol says.

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